Sociology - Caribbean Families free essay sample

There are various types of Caribbean family forms. The emergence of the different family types was largely due to historical influences that shape Caribbean civilization; such as racial diversity, ethnicity, social class, African cultural retention, legacy of Plantation slavery, and culture of poverty (Herskovits, Lewis, Clarke, Smith). Caribbean society has grown into an international mixture of different races and ethnic groups that construct their reality in the Caribbean. This mixture has resulted in a unique social system which can be describes as plural, polarized, politicized, problematic, but still some what plantation society. Smith (1962a: 244) states the most important for an understanding of the functioning of these systems being (1) a mating system characterized by marriage and consensual unions, and (2) households headed by persons of either sex. Each of these attributes, which are characterized by two dimensions, can differ quantitatively from community to community. For example, in some communities the percentage of consensual unions is high, in other communities it is low; or, to select the other attribute, the percentage of female household heads is high in some communities and low in others. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology Caribbean Families or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Theorists such as Melville Herskovits (1958) credit African cultural retention and some of the social institutions and social dynamics of the African societies for certain types of Caribbean family forms. He noted that: It goes without saying that the plantation system rendered the survival of African family types impossible, as it did their underlying moral and supernatural sanctions, except in dilute forms. Only where negroes escaped soon after the beginning of their enslavement, and retained their freedom for sufficiently long periods, could institutions of larger scope such as the extended family or the clan persist at all; and even in these situations the mere break-up in personnel made it unlikely that some manifestation of European influence should not be felt†¦Yet, on the other hand, slavery by no means completely suppressed rough approximations of certain forms of African family life. Even in the United States, where Africanisms persisted with greatest difficulty, such family organization as existed during slave times in terms of the relationship between parents and children, and between parents themselves, did not lack African sanctions†¦. Certain obligations of parents to children operative in Africa no less than the European scene, were carried over with all the drives of their emotional content intact. (p. 139) African cultural retention, as put forward by Herskovits, though modified could be seen in Caribbean family forms. For example, â€Å"the African custom of polygamy was transformed into „progressive monogamy? , that is multiple successive relationships instead of simultaneous unions. This argument was rebuffed by Franklin Frazier who stated that African culture was destroyed upon arrival on plantations. For him the family structures that emerged were a result of their life on the plantations and their inability to accurately imitate their slave owners. Frazier goes on to show that the polygamy that was practiced in African society was institutionalized. The father in each polygamous unit was committed to all his wives and children and they generally lived in the same location. This is different from the family unit based on visiting union in which the fathers were very marginal to each family unit, and the units were sometimes spread over wide geographical areas.

Legalizing Marijuana Essay Example For Students

Legalizing Marijuana Essay To the AIDS or cancer patient, it is the plant that fights nausea and appetite loss. To the nutritionist, its seed is second only to the soybean in nutritional value, and is a source of cooking oil and vitamins. To the paper or cloth manufacturer, it is the plant that provided much of our paper and clothing for hundreds of years and produces four times more fiber per acre than trees. To the environmentalist, it is the plant that could greatly slow deforestation, restore robbed nutrients by other crops, and help prevent erosion. And according to Lonnelle Aikman, Preliminary indings show the drug may prove effective against glaucoma and asthma, and control such side nausea in cancer treatment (158). Unfortunately, to most people in this country, it is a useless plant when it comes to economic or medical value. Marijuana should be legalized in the United States. In technical terms, hemp, cannabis, or for the average American, marijuana, it is used only for recre! ational purposes. I think marijuana is a plant that could save the world. In this paper I hope to reverse prejudices, relieve ignorance, and inform people of the known and potential therapeutic uses of this remarkable plant. As of today the nation stands behind three basic ideas of what to do with marijuana; legalize marijuana, make it legal only as a prescription drug, or keep it as it is, illegal. People who are pro-marijuana, argue that marijuana is considerably less harmful than tobacco and alcohol, the most frequently used legal drugs. Furthermore marijuana has never directly caused anyones death. People who side with the legalization of marijuana for medical purposes believe that the ends justify the means. But the people who want to keep it illegal think that the medical uses do not outweigh the harmful side effects. Before deciding whether marijuana should be legal or illegal, one needs to know some basic facts. Lester Grinspoon, M. D. and James B. Bakalar note most botanists agree that there are three species of marijuana; Cannabis sativa, the most widespread of the three, is tall, gangly, and loosely branched, growing as high as twenty feet; Cannabis indica is shorter, about three or four feet in height, pyramidal in shape and densely branched; Cannabis ruderalis is about two feet high with few or no branches (1). They also say that Cannabis has become one of the most widespread nd diversified of plants. It grows as weed and cultivated plant all over the world in a variety of climates and soils (1). Marijuana was first cultivated in China around 4000 B. C. It was mainly used as a sedative and analgesic, but today it is commonly used for the high or the euphoric feeling it causes. The most active ingredient in marijuana is delta-9-tetrahydrocannibinal commonly referred to a! s THC, which wasnt discovered until the 1960s. Marijuana is illegal today because of the Marijuana Stamp Tax Act passed in 1937. This act prohibited the use, sale, and growing of marijuana. It was made illegal because no one understood why smoking marijuana made people feel the way they did, and because it was associated with Indians and other so called immoral people. Today marijuana is illegal because research has shown some intoxicating effects. Such as hallucination, anxiety, depression, extreme variability of mood, paranoia and schizophrenia lasting up to six hours. Raphael Mechoulam says, Although cannabis causes initial restlessness, excitement, and sometimes boisterous, impulsive behavior, pacing and dancing, the main picture is of reduced physical activity apart from speech (316). Physical effects include reddening of the eyes, dryness of the mouth and throat, a moderate increase in heart rate, tightness in the chest, drowsiness, unsteadiness, and uncoordinated muscular contractions. Marijuana buffers ! the central nervous system, but is not known to produce a considerable amount of tar in the lungs. .u98b592d8cd1e8aa419f039a4e66cdf2e , .u98b592d8cd1e8aa419f039a4e66cdf2e .postImageUrl , .u98b592d8cd1e8aa419f039a4e66cdf2e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u98b592d8cd1e8aa419f039a4e66cdf2e , .u98b592d8cd1e8aa419f039a4e66cdf2e:hover , .u98b592d8cd1e8aa419f039a4e66cdf2e:visited , .u98b592d8cd1e8aa419f039a4e66cdf2e:active { border:0!important; } .u98b592d8cd1e8aa419f039a4e66cdf2e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u98b592d8cd1e8aa419f039a4e66cdf2e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u98b592d8cd1e8aa419f039a4e66cdf2e:active , .u98b592d8cd1e8aa419f039a4e66cdf2e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u98b592d8cd1e8aa419f039a4e66cdf2e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u98b592d8cd1e8aa419f039a4e66cdf2e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u98b592d8cd1e8aa419f039a4e66cdf2e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u98b592d8cd1e8aa419f039a4e66cdf2e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u98b592d8cd1e8aa419f039a4e66cdf2e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u98b592d8cd1e8aa419f039a4e66cdf2e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u98b592d8cd1e8aa419f039a4e66cdf2e .u98b592d8cd1e8aa419f039a4e66cdf2e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u98b592d8cd1e8aa419f039a4e66cdf2e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: FOREIGN TRADE POLICY AND THE IMPACT ON AGGREGATE E EssayAlthough marijuana has not been proven to be physically addictive, its use can be psychologically addictive. These are the negative effects of marijuana, and the primary reasons why domestic people, doctors, and politicians want to keep marijuana illegal. Supporters of legalizing marijuana state that some legal drugs are just as bad. For example, alcohol has many of the same side effects of marijuana. Alcohol buffers the central nervous system and is known to kill brain cells. A joint of marijuana is known to produce more tar than a cigarette, but on the average marijuana users do not consume enough marijuana to surpass the tar build up of a person who smokes a pack of cigarettes a day. June Crown and W. D. M. Paton state that Further, one should realize that different cannabis smokers select different levels of ntoxication (18). In addition, both alcohol and cigarettes have been proven to be chemically addictive and yet they are legal. As of late 1990, there were about twelve people who had permission to smoke marijuana for its medical value. Are these the only people who can benefit from marijuana? Not according to Harvard researchers who surveyed 2,430 oncologists; of the 1,035 who responded nearly 50% said that they had suggested smoking marijuana to at least one of their patients, despite the fact that it is illegal, and that they would prescribe marijuana if it were legalized. When Kenny and Barbara Jenks, of Panama City, Florida, developed AIDS, the only thing that made them hungry and decreased their nausea were several hits of marijuana each day. Neither of them had ever been marijuana smokers before, but everything their doctor prescribed for them failed. In March of 1990, twelve police officers put a battering ram through the door of their mobile home, took their two 10-inch marijuana plants, and arrested the couple. The Jenks retaliated, and nine months later became two of a handful of legal marijuana smokers in the United States. For the last ten years the government has sparingly dispensed marijuana to a minute portion of the population to receive it legally on an experimental basis for the treatment of glaucoma and nausea related to cancer chemotherapy. At the peak of the Drug Wars in the late 1980s the Department of Health and Human Services began receiving dozens of applications from AIDS patients, for whom marijuanas hunger inducing effects was the only thing that separated them from life and death. As they lost weight and strength, they found it more and more difficult to sustain the will to live. Instead of seeing the demand, Health and Human Services quickly shut down the program this past year, only allowing the select group already benefiting from marijuana to continue. Helping people in need wasnt worth endangering the reputation of the War on Drugs. They thought that the use of marijuana, even as a medicine would send the wrong message to people. Although there is much talk about the legalization of drugs among the state government there is very little talk about it on the national level. Instead of legalizing it the government has tried to come up with alternatives to marijuana se. They now offer a drug called Marinol, a spherical brown pill containing an artificial version of one of marijuanas working ingredients. Marinol is produced solely by Unimed Inc. in Buffalo Grove, Illinois. The pill sells for about five dollars a tablet, and was sanctioned in 1985 to battle the nausea associated with cancer chemotherapy. In the book, Marijuana, the Forbidden Medicine, it states that retching (dry heaves) may last for hours or even days after each treatment, followed by days and even weeks of nausea. Patients may break bones or rupture the esophagus while vomiting. Furthermore, many patients eat almost nothing because they cannot stand the sight or smell of food (25). .u283cc4a4042fc634e60602f0207e0d79 , .u283cc4a4042fc634e60602f0207e0d79 .postImageUrl , .u283cc4a4042fc634e60602f0207e0d79 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u283cc4a4042fc634e60602f0207e0d79 , .u283cc4a4042fc634e60602f0207e0d79:hover , .u283cc4a4042fc634e60602f0207e0d79:visited , .u283cc4a4042fc634e60602f0207e0d79:active { border:0!important; } .u283cc4a4042fc634e60602f0207e0d79 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u283cc4a4042fc634e60602f0207e0d79 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u283cc4a4042fc634e60602f0207e0d79:active , .u283cc4a4042fc634e60602f0207e0d79:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u283cc4a4042fc634e60602f0207e0d79 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u283cc4a4042fc634e60602f0207e0d79 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u283cc4a4042fc634e60602f0207e0d79 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u283cc4a4042fc634e60602f0207e0d79 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u283cc4a4042fc634e60602f0207e0d79:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u283cc4a4042fc634e60602f0207e0d79 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u283cc4a4042fc634e60602f0207e0d79 .u283cc4a4042fc634e60602f0207e0d79-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u283cc4a4042fc634e60602f0207e0d79:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hardships of Southern Sharecropping EssayIn the past year the FDA approved it as a h! unger stimulant for AIDS patients suffering from the enormous weight loss of this wasting away syndrome. Some patients lose up to thirty pounds in a single month. Marinol works because it duplicates delta-9-tetrahydrocannibinol (THC), the chemical in marijuana that gives people a high. But, due to the fact that a person is taking the dosage of the THC in one concentrated amount, and not at intervals like smoking marijuana, it hits a person like a brick. Besides, it may not even contain the medicine that suffering people need and want. Since there was a sudden need for a marijuana substitute, THC was the most researched, so synthetic THC is what was approved by the FDA. In contrast, patients do not want to get high necessarily, they just want relief. When people hear the phrase, legalization of marijuana, they only think of the people smoking it for a high, not for using it as a medicine. People should not smoke marijuana for recreational purposes, rather for the medical value. It should be used by those people whose last alternative for relief is marijuana. These people who are ill should not be punished by suffering. Prescription drugs are not to be taken unless prescribed by a doctor. So in fact, we are not legalizing a drug, only introducing a new weapon for fighting illnesses. I hope to have alleviated some of the hostilities towards marijuana. Its uses go far beyond just getting high. It can be used to make paper, therefore saving many trees, clothes, and most importantly for medicine. Although I do not condone smoking marijuana as a recreational drug, I feel that its positive aspects would greatly assist us in the present as well as the future.

Historical Context of Writings free essay sample

A look at some writings in their historical contexts by Bernal Diaz, John Locke, Karl Marx/ Friedrich Engels, and Jules Verne. Writers such as Bernal Diaz, John Locke, Karl Marx/ Friedrich Engels, and Jules Verne wrote about some of the most important themes in world history such as colonialism, absolutism and industrial capitalism. This paper examines how their particular historical context (the 16th century, 17th century, and 19th century) influenced their ideas and how the historical context has changed over time. While doing so, the writers focuses largely on a single work of each of the above-mentioned writers, i.e., The Conquest of New Spain by Bernal Diaz; The Second Treatise of Government by John Locke; The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx Friedrich Engels; and Around the World in Eighty Days by Jules Verne. Bernal Diaz del Castillo was a Spanish conquistador, chronicler and historian who sailed to the Americas and fought many battles under different Spanish adventurers including Hernan Cortes, the conqueror of Mexico. We will write a custom essay sample on Historical Context of Writings or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a reward for his services Diaz was made the governor of a Guatemalan town where he took up residence until he died. In order to repudiate an over glorified account of Cortes conquests written by his secretary Gomara (who had not even been to America), Diaz wrote The True History of the Conquest of New Spain when he was an old man of almost eighty. Although lacking a sophisticated literary style, the work is recognized as an important eyewitness account of the Spanish conquests in the Americas, and the subjugation of the native people by the Spanish colonists.

Fundamental Concepts of Industrial and Organizational Psychology free essay sample

Fundamental Concepts of Industrial and Organizational Psychology Jessica Lindsay University of Phoenix PSY 435 Facilitator: Gary Mayhew, Ed. D. July 26, 2011 Fundamental Concepts of Industrial and Organizational Psychology Industrial and Organizational (I/O) psychology is a field of psychology that â€Å"involves the scientific study of the human side of organizations and includes the application of the principles and findings of the research† (Spector, 2008, p. 4). This field consists of research psychologists, who conduct the research, and practicing psychologist, who apply the results of the research to various situations. This field started by adopting various disciplines from other fields of psychology, making it different from all of them, which is examined throughout this paper. The evolution of I/O psychology and its uses as well as the role of research and statistics will also be examined throughout this paper. Evolution of Industrial and Organizational Psychology Industrial and Organizational (I/O) psychology began about the same time the field of psychology as a science became established. We will write a custom essay sample on Fundamental Concepts of Industrial and Organizational Psychology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Originally this field was known as industrial psychology, but when human relations became an issue within large organizations the organizational part developed. Experimental scientists were the first members of this field because they shown an interest in learning how to utilize the principles of psychology to solve problems throughout various organizations. Hugo M? unsterberg and Walter Dill Scott are known as the founders of I/O psychology (Spector, 2008). Engineering also played a role in the developmental and implementation of I/O psychology. Robert Yerkes convinced the Army during World War I to begin using I/O psychologists to help place soldiers in positions best suitable for their mental capabilities because of Robert Yerkes (Spector, 2008). I/O psychologists began to be hired throughout private organizations to help with employees and productivity problems. World War II however began the utilization between both industrial and organization, whereas psychologists not only helped with recruiting placements, but also within the training, team development, performance appraisal, and many other applications (Spector, 2008). One of the major events that occurred that shaped the field I/O psychology was the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This act changed the way that employers could both hire and treat their employees, which gave I/O psychology the chance to change employment procedures. As the United States gave rights to women, and minorities, employment procedures changed again, leaving I/O psychologists changing employment procedures again. Difference between Disciplines I/O psychology adopted many of its theories, concepts, techniques, and ideas from other disciplines (Spector, 2008). Most disciplines deal with the study and treatment of human behaviors, whereas I/O psychology concentrates on developing and applying scientific measures to the workplace. Clinical psychologists focus on a person’s emotional or personal problems whereas I/O psychologists do not, and they work with a variety of people at one time, whereas many other psychologists work with one person at a time. Cognitive psychologists focus on a person’s thought process, whereas I/O psychologists do not. Developmental psychologists focus on a person’s growth and development throughout his or her life, whereas I/O psychologists focus on enhancing workplace performance through the use of psychological research. Uses of Industrial/Organizational Psychology One use of I/O psychology is making various organizations function more effectively. I/O psychologists study work behaviors and collect research to implement new ways to become more productive. They also use the principles of psychology to help them solve stress in the workplace as well as increase job performance. Large organizations will hire I/O psychologists because of the large number of people who are employed by the organization, which can help the relationship between the employers and the employees. Colleges and universities, also hire research I/O psychologists, which many of them are professors, and their major activities include: research, teaching, writing research papers, and publishing articles within scientific journals, and mentoring students (Spector, 2008). The practice I/O psychologists also teach, and research material, but mostly apply the data discovered to solve roblems. Some of their activities include: job analysis, conduct employee surveys of feelings, conduct analysis to determine solutions to problems, design training programs, implement organizational changes, and develop psychological tests (Spector, 2008). The Role of Research and Statistics The research obtained by I/O psychologists help them to develop various training techniques that work, and develop new hiri ng procedures. Many of the experiments conducted help to understand how programs work and if those programs will be work on a scientific level. The hypothesis that these psychologists develop help them determine where to start their research. The various independent and dependent variables involved with the various problems that these psychologists come across help determine the cause of problems, and what needs to be adjusted. The research can be compiled in two types of setting, the field and a laboratory. The I/O psychologists use both settings to help understand and fix the problems that occur within various organizations. Descriptive and inferential statistics are used to summarize and interpret the results of the research. Most studies carried out by I/O psychologists require statistical methods for the data analysis† (Spector, 2008, p. 39). The statistical information discovered can tell psychologists the various correlations between variables and whether the correlation is positive or negative. This type of information is needed to develop proper procedures in the workplace. The mathematical techniques applied to solving the problems in the workplace are needed to solve those problems in a scientific manner. Conclusion Although I/O psychology adopted many aspects of its field from other disciplines it is very different from all disciplines. I/O psychology places a high standard on research and practices. The problems that are solved use scientific measures to ensure the validity and to make sure that programs will succeed. Research and statistics are also play a vital role within the field if I/O psychology. Many uses of I/O psychology have been established and many I/O psychologists are utilized in many places. Organizations depend on the work of these psychologists to make the employees happy and make the organization run smoothly. I/O psychology has evolved over the years, coming from just industrial psychology into industrial and organizational psychology. Many organizations would be at an enormous disadvantage if this field of psychology was not established. As the world and society change I/O psychology will be there to change the way organizations and such are run. Reference Spector, P. E. (2008). Industrial and organizational psychology: Research and practice (University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved July 22, 2011, from University of Phoenix, PSY 435 Industrial/Organizational Psychology Course Web site.

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Tata Steel Case Study Analysis Essays

Tata Steel Case Study Analysis Essays Tata Steel Case Study Analysis Paper Tata Steel Case Study Analysis Paper Introduction The Tata Group is a very large group of businesses that dominate markets in India. The organization has established itself as a leader in markets such as the airline industry, hotel, software, investment, and steel industry. There is a long history of corporate responsibility within the group, and it is no surprise that all Tata companies have adopted a Tata Code of Conduct as well as many international standards. Tata Steel is one of twenty-eight major corporations within the Tata Group. Founded in 1907, it is the largest private sector steel company in India. Operations are spread across the country, with the steel manufacturing unit at Jamshedpur, and other manufacturing and mining activities situated in the states of Jarkhand and Orissa at eight locations. The Tata Group headquarters is based in Mumbai, Maharastra. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the accounting problems that Tata Steel is faced with after acquiring a foreign company. Company Profile Tata Steel, incorporated in 1907 by Shri Dorabji Tata, is Indias largest private sector steel company belonging to the Tata Group. The company manufactures finished steel, both long and flat products like hot and cold rolled coils and sheets, galvanized sheets, tubes, wire rods, construction re-bars, rings and bearings. The company markets its products in brands like Tata Steelium, Tata Tiscon, Tata Pipes, etc. The company is among the lowest cost producers of steel in the world. Its main plant is located in Jamshedpur, having a manufacturing capacity of 5 MTPA (million tonne per annum) while its processing units, captive iron ore and coal mines are located in the states of Orissa, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Gujarat and West Bengal. With its head office located in Mumbai, the company functions through a network consisting of trading arms and operation and projects sites spread across countries in the continents of Asia, Europe and America. Apart from Steel there are six Strategic Business Units or divisions for Bearings, Ferro Alloys and Minerals, Rings and Agrico, Tata Growth Shop, Tubes, and Wires. It operates in more than 20 countries and has a commercial presence in over 50. In the past few years, Tata Steel has invested in Corus (UK), Millennium Steel (renamed Tata Steel Thailand) and NatSteel Asia (Singapore). With these, the company has created a manufacturing and marketing network in Europe, South East Asia and the Pacific-rim countries Problem Tata Steel Faces Tata Steel is faced with a very serious, and somewhat complex, problem. The company has global ambitions. By that I mean the company wants to establish itself as a power and contender in the global marketplace. Tata Group acquired UK based Corus Group, a well established steel company in its own right, by way of a $12. 1 billion deal. The deal was partly funded with a $6. billion dollar loan that was primarily denominated in Euros. The currency in which the Corus Group earned most of its revenues was Euros. It made sense for the Tata Group to fund the deal in Euros in order to avoid exposing the debt to currency risk. The problems that the Tata Group would face due to this deal brought about an issue that the organization really did not have much experience in dealing with. Because of the currency denomination issues with this dea l, the Tata Steel would have a liability of over $600 million on its financial books. Although, the reality of the situation is that Tata Steel has a sound and balanced financial structure and accounting practices. Because of international accounting laws that India and the Tata Group have adopted, on the books it looks as if Tata Steel is carry more liabilities or debts than it really is. This is significant because an investor or shareholder would look at the company’s financials and think that the organization is not as financially stable as it really is. Tata Steel used Indian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (IGAAP) to prepare their financial statements. IGAAP merged with the global accounting system known as the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The problem with this is that by IFRS standards the merger, or natural hedge, was not recognized. IGAAP and IFRS both mandated that foreign currency loans be denominated in the borrowing company’s home currency for accounting purposes. This created a reporting problem for Tata Steel when in reality there was no financial problem with the deal. SWOT Analysis of Tata Steel Strengths Global position in steel industry Tata Steel is one of the most prosperous and profitable steel companies in the world. The acquisition of Corus and other global steel companies have bolstered Tata’s position in the marketplace and made it one of the top steel companies in the world. Corporate governance Tata Steel has had a very good record for corporate governance. It has set the benchmark in global corporate governance principles of accountability, transparency, and equity for others to follow. Tata Steel has been consistently receiving prestigious awards at both the national and the international arena. The company was awarded the Best Governed Company Award in 2006 for corporate practices presented by Asian Centre for Corporate Governance. Brand value The Tata Steel brand, owing to its highly ethical and a socialistic approach to business, has made its name synonymous to trust. The acquisition of Corus made Tata Steel an even more reputable and powerful company. Tats Steel was a well known brand even before the acquisition of Corus. The addition of Corus makes Tata Steel one of the most well known and productive companies in the world. Innovation of Tata Steel Tata Steel has the lowest operating cost for steel manufacture in the world. Further it has displayed effective means in adopting an eco-friendly and sustainable approach towards the manufacture of steel thus proactive measures are undertaken to ensure the employees health and productivity through ergonomically designed work stations and by protecting them from occupational hazards. Adaptability to the fast changing global business environment Tata Steel has displayed immense agility in the recent past during the global financial crisis. Its virtuosos of various fields have adopted various methods like lowering production and even shutting down steel plants due to the lack of demand, managing the balance sheet efficiently etc. The company has 70% of its procurement of raw materials for its operations in Asia through long term contracts and so its margins can be shielded from the nuances of the volatility of the financial markets. Management Team Tata Steel has a highly credible management team who has displayed their skills in expanding the company through various innovative methods. The company has successfully acquired Nat Steel of Indonesia, Millennium Steel of Thailand and more importantly UK based Corus. The company’s virtuosos of finance have been able to find innovative ways to tackle the company’s debt and keep the bottom line in the green zone despite lower demand and a lot of accumulated debt. Weaknesses Debt burden Tata Steel has a total debt of $9. 8 billion USD on its books, much of it from the Corus acquisition. The company plans to refinance $6. 5 billion of its long term debt. It has an unfavorable debt to equity ratio which means the assets of the company are largely financed through debt. With the steady increase in inflation most countries are beginning to tighten credit and liquidity in the money markets. As a result of inflation increases, interest rates are on the rise as well. An increase in interest rates means an increase in the company’s liabilities. This will further add to the degradation of Tata Steel’s balance sheet. Conservative accounting practices India has very conservative accounting standards. The system works within the country but lacks flexibility and adaptability when it comes to reporting differences in currency. Because the Tata Group has global aspirations, the company must deal in various currencies when doing business with global companies. The problem lies in the rules governing the accounting practices within India. All foreign currencies must be converted to the home countries currency when reporting on financial statements. Technology Many steel companies have implemented different technologies into their plants to make production and productivity more efficient. There is a new fluorescent x-ray technology that some companies have adopted. Tata Steel is lacking in this area. Tata Steel has failed to adopt new technology to lower cost, improve production, and improve employee safety standards. Procurement philosophy of its subsidiaries The largest subsidiary of Tata Steel, Corus, has high exposure to spot prices and a higher operational gearing among the larger European steel companies. Hence it has the risk of volatility associated with pricing, one of the key elements in determining profitability of a commodity company. Opportunities Competitive position Tata Steel is the second largest producer of steel in India and the sixth largest producer in the world. Over the years Tata Steel has been acquiring various steel companies around the world, the latest being Corus. There is a lot of room for Tata to grow and further establish itself as a perennial power in the global marketplace. Technological advances Tata Steel has shown immense integration abilities in the past. With the acquisition of Corus it has been able to integrate the high end technological knowledge into its production facilities. The company has also been able to produce high quality steel at lower prices and significantly improve its operating margins. Infrastructure opportunities India has geared up for rapid expansion in the field of infrastructure. The Government of India (GOI) has earmarked Rs. 1, 70,000 crore for infrastructural spending for the fiscal year 2010- 2011 and the trend is set to escalate up to the fiscal year 2025 when India is slated to become the third largest economy in the world. Further many private players either independently or by undergoing public private partnerships (PPP) has also come into the fray. The consumption of steel has been steadily increasing with the rapid investment in the infrastructure and real estate projects. The annual steel production of India has touched 200MT and according to governments steel policy is expected to touch around 250 MT by 2013-2014. The demand for Indian made steel is escalating overseas out of the 200 MT of steel currently produced in India around 50% of it is exported. In the first six months of the fiscal year 2009-2010 the Indian steel export almost doubled to 9. 3MT from 4. MT in the same period the previous fiscal year. The country’s iron ore exports during April-October 2009 period grew 20 per cent over the year ago period to 53 million tons. Accounting practices India’s accounting regulations does a disservice to many of the companies who operate globally. Because of the reporting regulations, Tata Steel has a liability on its balance sheet that realy doesn’t exist. The currency conversion rules hinders Tata Steel from putting together a balance sheet that reflects its actual holdings and activities. Tata Steel has an opportunity to help change the accounting standards in India to allow companies to report their financial activities accurately so that shareholders will have an accurate view of the financial position the company is in. Demand for steel The demand for steel is on arise both domestically and internationally as a result of the enhanced focus upon infrastructural development. Secondly with other steel projects of international giants POSCO, ARCELOR MITTAL stalled due to land acquisition problems the prices of steel are slated to soar. In the month of April 2010 the steel prices were increased by Rs. 2500/ton and this is just the brink of the U-Shaped economic recovery and the prices are slated to rise further in the near future. Acquisitions In the aftermath of the financial crisis various mineral assets are available globally at a price which is just a fraction of their prime value. The government of various countries has been putting up coal blocks under the hammer. Tata Steel has been very active in the asset acquisition space and has bagged various coal blocks in Asia, Africa etc. which is essential for its security of raw materials. Threats International competition Companies like the Indian Steel magnate Lakshmi Mittal’s Arcelor Mittal and Posco have landed on the shores of India. These are amongst the largest steel producers in the world and have a high chance of eating into the market share of Tata Steel. Indian market is also plagued with cheaper Chinese made steel which is ubiquitously available and is significantly digging into the market-share of all Indian steel makers including Tata Steel. Down Economy Tata Steel has a very large debt of 9. 8 billion USD on its books and has a huge interest burden. With the volatility of the financial markets and the tightening of credit and liquidity by the banks, interest rates are slated to go up and would further increase the interest burden of the company. Regulatory issues in India The government of India has chalked a strict norm for the clearance of a plant through environmental impact assessment (EIA). To get clearance from the concerned authority demands more than eight months thus leads to delay and project cost escalation. Albeit the governments’ steel policy has been pro industry in order to increase the steel capacity at a brisk pace.

Hydrocephalus essays

Hydrocephalus essays Hydrocephalus is a build-up of cerebrospinal fluid, known as CSF, in the brain. CSF is produced in the choroids plexus and it is usually transported through the ventricles in the brain. It is also found outside the brain and in the spinal canal. Hydrocephalus occurs when the CSF is blocked or when there is excess fluid in the brain. This condition causes pressure on the brain that leads to the swelling of the ventricles. The ventricles are then pushed against the skull causing tissues to either be damaged or destroyed. Hydrocephalus can be congenital, caused by a birth defect, or acquired, caused by a trauma to the brain. In most instances, heredity is not a factor for acquiring hydrocephalus. Although it mostly occurs in young children, hydrocephalus may be present in adults and the elderly. The signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus vary depending upon the age of the person, when the problem developed, the cause of the condition, and the damage that occurred to the tissues due to the swelling of the ventricles. In infants, the primary sign of hydrocephalus is enlargement of the head. Other symptoms in infants include lethargy (sleepiness), vomiting, decreased mental functions, et cetera. Some symptoms in older children and adults are headaches, vomiting, vision changes, decreased coordination, or mental aberrations such as confusion. There is no known cure for hydrocephalus, but the condition can be treated and kept under control. Treatment of hydrocephalus involves the surgical insertion of a shunt, a flexible tube with a one-way valve. To allow the excess CSF to drain back into the bloodstream and to decrease pressure on the brain, the shunt is inserted into the ventricular system of the brain. There are some problems that can occur with shunting such as obstruction of the shunt or an infection. Complications occur with 25% to 60% of all shunt procedures. Antibiotics are used at the sign of an i ...